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8月12日 The Long Tail-读书笔记互联网时代的大规模定制
定制本是农业社会的生产方式,定制在工业社会是大规模生产的反面,是“不规模”的经济,也就是不经济,可是,随着互联网的出现,定制在信息社会又重新成为高附加值的主要生产方式。
定制的优点很明显:第一,物以稀为贵,定制产品经常具有较高的价值;第二,由于价值中包含的个性化成分较高,是不可替代的,定制产品往往处于价值链的高端;第三,由于定制产品具有异质性,与其他产品不具可比性,是回避竞争,比较“蓝海”的。定制的缺点集中在一点,就是不规模化。
如何降低“规模不经济”产品的成本,使之成为“经济的”,是大规模定制的难点所在。由于信息化改变了生产条件,终于解决了这个难题。知识的共同消费性加上网络的边际成本递减特性,使小规模生产和销售可以取到原来只有靠大规模制作才能达到的低成本水平,甚至还可能实现更低成本,更高的利润。
这是长尾理论要解决的核心问题。
利用网络产品的一般特性:
1.边际成本递减
无论是原子的网络,还是比特的网络,其产品都是具有一个共同的特点,就是初始固定投入高,而边际投入低,边际成本递减。
虽然3G网络的建设固定投入巨大,但是每新增一个用户的成本,并不需要新的基础设施投入,并且可以平摊原有投资成本,用户越多,相对成本越低。
网络产品可以从初始投入与边际投入两个途径获利:
一是可以利用无形资产替代有形投入,解决初始投入门槛高的难题。创意的初始成本,说大就大,说小就小,草根可以买入无形初始投入的门槛。工具的普及,使每个业余爱好者凭兴趣可以投入生产,从而使生产门槛大大降低。
二是利用边际成本递减的优势,解决销售受屋里渠道限制的问题。在网上拜访40000张唱片与拜访40000倍于此的唱片,成本几乎是一样的,带来的利润加在一起,比经营少数需要冒很大风险才能成功的大热门,一点也不少,甚至还多。
2.需求方规模经济
传统的大规模生产,是生产方式的规模经济;而新经济的特点在于需求方规模经济。个性化定制要想实现的经济,它的生命力在于普及。一个不为众人和市场所知的个性化产品,内容再好,也不可能成为经济。长尾使消费者多样化的需求形成规模优势。
8月11日 BFFs from A to Z (BFF:best friend forever)BFFs from A to Z
Always tell the truth.
Well,almost always!Honesty is important in relationships,but don't use "the truth" as an excuse to hurt people's feelings.Telling your friend her new haircut is ugly(even if you really think so )will only hurt your friend--and your friendship.So be honest,but be considerate,too.
Be yourself!
Never try to be someone you're not.Your BFF appreciates the fact that you're the only person she knows who can stuff eight sticks of licorice in her mouth at once!
Communicate with your friends. Let them know what's going on in your life.If something is bothering you,speak up! Your friends aren't mind readers--if you don't tell them they've hurt your feeling,they'll never know.
Don'thog the spotlight.
Nobody will want to be around you if you're constantly trying to be the center of attention.Let your friends shine sometimes,too.
Explain yourself!
Never let a little misunderstanding turn into a big fight. Forgive your friends.
Sure,Natalie hurt your feeling when she went to the mall without you,but is it really the end of the world?Everyone deserves a second chance.
Give support.
When your friend is upset,always offer her your shoulder to cry on .
Have fun with your girls.
Whether you're sitting through a boring school assembly or taking a field trip to a cool science museum,always make the best of your time together.
Include everybody.
How would you feel if nobody saved you a seat at the lunch table?Besides, everybody should get to experience your group's fabulousness!
Jeulous,you?
No way! The green-eyed monster should never get in the way of a great friendship.Your friend may have a killer sense of style and a fantastic player!Don't focus on her great qualities and forget your own! Besides, she has to be great to be ffriends with you ,right?
Kindness goes a long way.
If a friend is having a bad day,even a simple smile can help cheer her up.
Laugh your way through sticky situations.
Tripping in the lunch room can be way embarrassing,but if you have you friends there to laugh with you,it's no big deal.
Make new friends but keep the old.
Strike up a conversation with the new girl,make friends on your soccer team or pair up with someone other than your usual partner in gym class.But don't forget the great friends you already have just because someone new and interesting comes along!
Never ditch your true friends for the popular crowd!
Your real friends like you for who you are,not for the way you dress or how cool you are.
Opt out of gossip.
If talking trash about others is all you ever do together,it's time to reboot the friendship!Find other ways to have fun...or go your separate ways.
Put your friends before your crushes.
Boys will come and go,but the friendships with your girls are here to stay.And if some dumb boy does break your heart, who can cheer you up better than your pals?
Quite your bad friends.
It's hard enough surviving peer pressure from kids outside your crew--you definitely don't need bad advice from your friends.BFFs are supposed to help you out,not bring you down.
Remember the important dates,especially birthdays.
Even asking how her big mathtest went will let your friend know how important she is to you.Write birthdays parties, and big school events on your calendar so you won't forget them.
Stuck in the middle?
If your friends are fighting,don;t choose sides or feel like you have to ger involved.Let your friends know you want them to make up,but don't try to do it for them.
Trust your BFF!
After all,she's your BFF for a reason!And make sure all your friends can trust you,too. Understand that everyone makes mistakes.
Don't be too quick to ditch your friend just because she completely forgets your study date or takes her bad mood out on you.Maybe she just has a lot on her mind right now.
Value the good qualities in all your buds...
Everybody has their strong points.You and your girls are all different,but isn't that what makes you such great friends?
Work out your differences.
Just because the two of you grew apart doesn't mean you need to be mean to each other.Treat your ex-friend with respect,even if she doesn't return the favor.You can be the bigger person.
X-best friends.
Filled with good times,treasured memories and lots of laughs:That's friendship!It is wonderful to have someone you can share long talks and inside jokes with.Always remember to appreciate what you have!
Yesterday and tomorrows...
Zip your lips!
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